The fiery Swiss alchemist-physician Philippus von Hohenheim (1493–1541): rejecting humoral dogma, burning Galenic books, and establishing toxicology: The dose makes the poison.
How a 28-year-old anatomist at the University of Padua performed his own dissections, refuted over 200 Galenic anatomical errors, and founded modern anatomical science.
How Damascus-born physician Ibn al-Nafis proved blood flows from the right to the left ventricle through the pulmonary capillary transit 300 years before William Harvey.
A scientific monograph on Abu Bakr al-Razi (865–925 CE): the world's first clinical differentiation between smallpox and measles, introducing medical ethanol, and Doubts About Galen.
An analysis of the physician to Roman emperors born in Bergama (Pergamon): the four humors, animal vivisection, and the dogma that ruled European medicine for over fourteen centuries.